Nobel Prize Winner: James Watson

Among the most notable and controversial Nobel Prize recipients is James Watson. He, together with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, was awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1962 in the Physiology or Medicine category. He is one of the scientists who discovered the molecular structure of the DNA which is hailed as one of the great breakthroughs in the field of Sciences.James Dewey Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. In his early life, he was said to be fond of bird-gazing together with his father. When he was 12 years old, he was part of the famous radio show entitled Quiz Kids, a game which challenged young students to a quiz contest. At the age of 15, Watson entered the University of Chicago with the help of the then liberal policy of Robert Hutchins, the University president. In 1946, his interest in the field of science changed from his former concern on ornithology to genetics after he had read What Is Life? by Erwin Schrodinger. In 1947, he received his Bache lor’s degree in Zoology from the same university.Among Watson’s foremost influences was Salvador Luria, also a Nobel Prize winner. He was engrossed to the latter’s work which exposed him on the nature of genetic mutations. In the first months of 1948, Watson started to pursue his Ph.D. research at Indiana University at Luria’s laboratory. He was able to meet with another Nobel Prize recipient Max Delbruck. Delbruck and Luria were the pioneers of the Phage Group, a movement of geneticists who underwent studies and researches on microbial genetics.Eventually, Watson was also able to work with the group as a working scientist. His experience with the Phage group opened up his scientific knowledge on the nature and structure of genes. In order to develop his knowledge about the components of a gene, he took a course with another scientist Feliz Haurowitz in 1949 in which he was able to gain the conventional views on genes such as genes were proteins and vice versa; that genes have the capacity to replicate themselves; and other scientific data about the DNA.But through with all those knowledge, Watson was also fascinated with the work of Oswald Avery explaining that DNA was indeed the genetic molecule. Towards his doctoral studies, he underwent X-rays researches which attempted to de-motivate bacterial viruses. In 1950, he received his Ph.D. in Zoology at Indiana University.To be able to enhance more his knowledge on genetics and genetic composition, Watson went to Europe to pursue a postdoctoral study. He stayed at the laboratory in Copenhagen owned by a biochemist named Herman Kalckar whose studies were also linked with the nucleic acids. Through his stay with Kalckar’s laboratory, he was able to conduct experiments with another member of the Phage group, Ole Maaloe.The latter’s studies and researches were concerned on the DNA and the earlier supposition that it is the genetic molecule. In a meeting in Italy where he acc ompanied Kalckar, he met Maurice Wilkins who was also a devoted geneticist. In an event, Wilkins had shown Watson an X-ray diffraction data for DNA (which was originally worked out by Rosalind Franklin). After seeing the X-ray, he came to a conclusion that DNA had a distinct structure. Watson attempted to discover this through his experimental research done in different universities.Watson came to a decision to be familiar with performing X-ray diffraction experiments for the reason that such undertaking would lead him to a more probable and easier discovery of the DNA structure (He was inspired by Linus Pauling who was able to publish the protein alpha helix model with his unremitting efforts in undergoing X-ray experiments on molecular model.In 1951, Watson, together with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, started to work out a series of experimental researches using Franklin’s X-ray findings on DNA structure. A controversy was said to occur during the period of experimenta l researches among Watson, Crick and Wilkins for the reason that they were using Franklin’s data and findings without the latter’s knowledge and consent.To further study Franklin’s X-ray findings, Watson attended one of Franklin’s seminar by which she explained how she obtained her findings on the DNA structure. Originally, Franklin claimed that the DNA was structured in helix-form. With this, Watson had started again to construct a molecular model but in the end it was criticize by Franklin by saying that the phosphate backbones must not be in the inside but on the outside.Eager to finish their attempt, the two used Franklin’s observations in their ultimate attempt to arrive at the DNA structure model. However, 1951, the absolute details of the chemical structure of the backbone of the DNA were identified by Alexander Todd, a biochemist. With that, Watson and Crick were asked to stop working with the DNA structure in 1952. Yet the two had never co mpletely put aside their desire to come up with the DNA structure model.After numerous trips which exposed Watson and Crick to different methods and experimental systems that could help them in their account on DNA structure model, they were again asked to continue working on the DNA structural model by the then laboratory director Maurice Wilkins. Through the years, Franklin’s findings progresses and even developed.   The two, again, used Franklin’s findings in their experimental research on the DNA structure.The most outstanding contribution of Watson in the entire pursuit of the structural model of the DNA was his discovery of the nucleotide base pairs. These base pairs are said to be the chief answer in solving the structure and function of the DNA. Watson used the Pauling tradition, which he was formerly exposed.On February 1953, Watson worked out a molecule model which used a straight periphery, and exacto blade, white cardboard and adhesive. He made the molecu les flat in their loop so that he could slide the cardboard models and inspect how they work. Through such improvised models, Watson saw that the bigger two ring (A and G nucleobase; also referred as the purines) could be matched with a lesser one ring (T and C nucleobases; also referred as the pyrimidines).Watson hypothesized if the tow pairs could be paired through a hydrogen bond which he discovered possible. He then observed that the two pairs could be placed over on each other with alike general configuration. To elaborate, the hexagonal rings were central and the comparative courses of the five-member rings of A and G were the identical.   Watson perceived that numerous members were falling into place such that he regarded it as the answer. He was right for formulating such conclusion. Watson’s discovery of the base pairs was unswerving with what Chargaff, also a biochemist, had already worked out.Not so long that Watson and Crick had completed their experimental rese arch on the structural model of DNA by concluding the double helix form of the DNA. They presented their findings through a journal entitled Nature. With this great discovery, Watson and his co-scientists Crick and Wilkins were given the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their discovery of the structure of nucleic acids.Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier the controversy involving the original works of Franklin had put the three Nobel Prize Awardees in so much criticisms primarily with their failure to acknowledge the contribution of Franklin. But Watson took the courage to clarify the issue and appraise Franklin’s involvement in the discovery of the DNA structural model. In 1968, he published a book entitled The Double-Helix which explained his team’s side regarding the controversy with Franklin.He clarified that it was not intentional to bypass Franklin all throughout their achievements. He said that Franklin was really one of the persons who gave him the impetus to strive hard er and make him more careful in analyzing his experimental research on DNA structure.   In the end, his team included Franklin as one of the most important persons behind the success of their structural model of DNA.Watson’s published book made the public realize how scientists like him undergo so much hardships for the sake of scientific discoveries which can really aid the entire mankind in uplifting the quality of their lives. He had proven that with great effort and outstanding sacrifice, anyone could victoriously achieve his or her goals.Watson did not stop his scientific endeavors with his Nobel Prize award. He worked with the Genome Project in 1988 which he held up until 1992.References:Hamilton, J. (2004). James Watson: Solving the Mystery of DNA (Nobel Prize-Winning  Ã‚   Scientists). Enslow Publishers.Watson, J. D. (2001). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Structure of DNA (First ed.). Touchstone. Nobel prize winner: james watson Among the most notable and controversial Nobel Prize recipients is James Watson. He, together with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, was awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1962 in the Physiology or Medicine category. He is one of the scientists who discovered the molecular structure of the DNA which is hailed as one of the great breakthroughs in the field of Sciences.James Dewey Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. In his early life, he was said to be fond of bird-gazing together with his father. When he was 12 years old, he was part of the famous radio show entitled Quiz Kids, a game which challenged young students to a quiz contest. At the age of 15, Watson entered the University of Chicago with the help of the then liberal policy of Robert Hutchins, the University president. In 1946, his interest in the field of science changed from his former concern on ornithology to genetics after he had read What Is Life? by Erwin Schrodinger. In 1947, he received his Bache lor’s degree in Zoology from the same university.Among Watson’s foremost influences was Salvador Luria, also a Nobel Prize winner. He was engrossed to the latter’s work which exposed him on the nature of genetic mutations. In the first months of 1948, Watson started to pursue his Ph.D. research at Indiana University at Luria’s laboratory. He was able to meet with another Nobel Prize recipient Max Delbruck. Delbruck and Luria were the pioneers of the Phage Group, a movement of geneticists who underwent studies and researches on microbial genetics. Eventually, Watson was also able to work with the group as a working scientist.His experience with the Phage group opened up his scientific knowledge on the nature and structure of genes. In order to develop his knowledge about the components of a gene, he took a course with another scientist Feliz Haurowitz in 1949 in which he was able to gain the conventional views on genes such as genes were proteins and vice versa; that genes have the capacity to replicate themselves; and other scientific data about the DNA. But through with all those knowledge, Watson was also fascinated with the work of Oswald Avery explaining that DNA was indeed the genetic molecule. Towards his doctoral studies, he underwent X-rays researches which attempted to de-motivate bacterial viruses. In 1950, he received his Ph.D. in Zoology at Indiana University.To be able to enhance more his knowledge on genetics and genetic composition, Watson went to Europe to pursue a postdoctoral study. He stayed at the laboratory in Copenhagen owned by a biochemist named Herman Kalckar whose studies were also linked with the nucleic acids. Through his stay with Kalckar’s laboratory, he was able to conduct experiments with another member of the Phage group, Ole Maaloe.The latter’s studies and researches were concerned on the DNA and the earlier supposition that it is the genetic molecule. In a meeting in Italy where he ac companied Kalckar, he met Maurice Wilkins who was also a devoted geneticist. In an event, Wilkins had shown Watson an X-ray diffraction data for DNA (which was originally worked out by Rosalind Franklin). After seeing the X-ray, he came to a conclusion that DNA had a distinct structure. Watson attempted to discover this through his experimental research done in different universities.Watson came to a decision to be familiar with performing X-ray diffraction experiments for the reason that such undertaking would lead him to a more probable and easier discovery of the DNA structure (He was inspired by Linus Pauling who was able to publish the protein alpha helix model with his unremitting efforts in undergoing X-ray experiments on molecular model.In 1951, Watson, together with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, started to work out a series of experimental researches using Franklin’s X-ray findings on DNA structure. A controversy was said to occur during the period of experiment al researches among Watson, Crick and Wilkins for the reason that they were using Franklin’s data and findings without the latter’s knowledge and consent. To further study Franklin’s X-ray findings, Watson attended one of Franklin’s seminar by which she explained how she obtained her findings on the DNA structure.Originally, Franklin claimed that the DNA was structured in helix-form. With this, Watson had started again to construct a molecular model but in the end it was criticize by Franklin by saying that the phosphate backbones must not be in the inside but on the outside. Eager to finish their attempt, the two used Franklin’s observations in their ultimate attempt to arrive at the DNA structure model. However, 1951, the absolute details of the chemical structure of the backbone of the DNA were identified by Alexander Todd, a biochemist. With that, Watson and Crick were asked to stop working with the DNA structure in 1952. Yet the two had never completely put aside their desire to come up with the DNA structure model.After numerous trips which exposed Watson and Crick to different methods and experimental systems that could help them in their account on DNA structure model, they were again asked to continue working on the DNA structural model by the then laboratory director Maurice Wilkins. Through the years, Franklin’s findings progresses and even developed.   The two, again, used Franklin’s findings in their experimental research on the DNA structure.The most outstanding contribution of Watson in the entire pursuit of the structural model of the DNA was his discovery of the nucleotide base pairs. These base pairs are said to be the chief answer in solving the structure and function of the DNA. Watson used the Pauling tradition, which he was formerly exposed.On February 1953, Watson worked out a molecule model which used a straight periphery, and exacto blade, white cardboard and adhesive. He made the mole cules flat in their loop so that he could slide the cardboard models and inspect how they work. Through such improvised models, Watson saw that the bigger two ring (A and G nucleobase; also referred as the purines) could be matched with a lesser one ring (T and C nucleobases; also referred as the pyrimidines).Watson hypothesized if the tow pairs could be paired through a hydrogen bond which he discovered possible. He then observed that the two pairs could be placed over on each other with alike general configuration. To elaborate, the hexagonal rings were central and the comparative courses of the five-member rings of A and G were the identical.   Watson perceived that numerous members were falling into place such that he regarded it as the answer. He was right for formulating such conclusion. Watson’s discovery of the base pairs was unswerving with what Chargaff, also a biochemist, had already worked out.Not so long that Watson and Crick had completed their experimental re search on the structural model of DNA by concluding the double helix form of the DNA. They presented their findings through a journal entitled Nature. With this great discovery, Watson and his co-scientists Crick and Wilkins were given the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their discovery of the structure of nucleic acids.Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier the controversy involving the original works of Franklin had put the three Nobel Prize Awardees in so much criticisms primarily with their failure to acknowledge the contribution of Franklin. But Watson took the courage to clarify the issue and appraise Franklin’s involvement in the discovery of the DNA structural model. In 1968, he published a book entitled The Double-Helix which explained his team’s side regarding the controversy with Franklin. He clarified that it was not intentional to bypass Franklin all throughout their achievements. He said that Franklin was really one of the persons who gave him the impetus to strive h arder and make him more careful in analyzing his experimental research on DNA structure.   In the end, his team included Franklin as one of the most important persons behind the success of their structural model of DNA.Watson’s published book made the public realize how scientists like him undergo so much hardships for the sake of scientific discoveries which can really aid the entire mankind in uplifting the quality of their lives. He had proven that with great effort and outstanding sacrifice, anyone could victoriously achieve his or her goals.Watson did not stop his scientific endeavors with his Nobel Prize award. He worked with the Genome Project in 1988 which he held up until 1992.References:Hamilton, J. (2004). James Watson: Solving the Mystery of DNA (Nobel Prize-Winning  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scientists). Enslow Publishers.Watson, J. D. (2001). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Structure of DNA (First ed.). Touchstone.

Intelligent Enrollment System

Intelligent Enrollment System for Magmata Science High School A Project Presented to the Faculty of SIT college Global City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology by Conge, ROI Carrel Davis, Aimed All Maxima, John Voltaire Pinned, Emmanuel Mr.. Emerson Floors Project Adviser July 7, 2014 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Magmata Science High School is one of the most prestigious high schools here in Magmata or even the country.Its population is mainly a mix of smart students and skilled or experienced teachers. Students who made it to the school are mainly picked based on grades and/or their performance in the school's entrance exam. All enrolled students here are scholars from government of Magmata. They are even given allowances aside from free tuition, all of these are done because the students of this school are expected to hold the future of our countries science and technology area. As a science school, a common misconception by people is that the school has an automated system already.This proved to be untrue for Magmata science high school. Processes such as purchasing, enrolment etc. Re done manually and with a lot of paperwork. Among these, the proponents will be focusing on the enrolment process of the school. More popular universities and colleges in the Philippines have good enrolment systems. Some of them are done on the web while some are Just more efficiently structured for fast enrollment (Bank payment of tuition, RIFF, etc). Magmata Science's current enrolment process compared to other science high schools is not that good.Other science high school's population is big compared to them but they're optimism is present because of the current system they use. Most of the current process is composed of papers going through the guidance and registrar departments. Papers are important for this school as well on the interview, the CIT coordinator said that less paperwork is go od. Inconsistencies on the manual processes have been uncovered throughout the data gathering process. Since the employees themselves want to maximize their time, a good enrolment system could take care of the Jobs that would take time for them.While Magmata Science's current enrolment is still not that efficient compared to the others, the developers are planning to create a system for the school. The developers are expecting a gradual rise of the student's population for upcoming years that is why the proponents will develop a mixture of ADS (Decision Support System) and MIS (Management Information System) namely an â€Å"Intelligent Enrollment System†. This is a computerized system with a decision support function that can remove the inconsistencies of the current manual process.Since people in the school wanted to hasten the Jobs like sectioning, report creation etc. This system will do it for them with minimal management. It will also feature an easy to learn interface t hat even the unfamiliarity's ones can easily adapt. . 2 PROJECT BUSINESS RULES ADMISSION PROCESS Before the admission for the incoming freshmen, the principal will set the schedule for admission test then the CIT Coordinator will post it to their website (www. Masterpiece. Deed. PH) including the requirements needed. Their admission are only for freshmen.The applicant for Grade VII must be a member of the 2014 graduating class from any public and government recognized private elementary school; Have a grade of at least 85% in Science, Mathematics and English subjects and at least 83% in all other subjects for the first and second grading periods of the rent school year 2013-2014. Grades obtained in the succeeding grading periods (3rd and 4th) lower than the grade requirements will be a ground for disqualification. Be in good health and be of good moral character.The applicant must present the following requirements: a certification of good health from a government physician, a certi fication of good moral character from the Guidance Counselor/Principal, a certification from the elementary principal that the applicant belongs to the upper ten percent of the graduating class, SYS 2013-2014, statement of parent that the applicant has no pending application as immigrant in the USA or any other country within the next six years, principals Certification of Grade VI 1st and 2nd quarter grades and the final average for grade IV and V, two (1 † X 1 ID pictures taken within the application period with name tag of the applicant.All certification are found in the application form; separate sheets for certification are not allowed. The application form can be obtained from the Guidance Office of Magmata Science High School or can be downloaded here, http://www. Masterpiece. Deed. PH/ admission. HTML/Application form moms extranet test. UDF Applicants for admission are to secure and to accomplish application forms from the Guidance Office or Registrar Office. Only stu dents with duly accomplished forms will be allowed to take the entrance examination. The test permit will be issued to the parents or guardian upon presentation of the accomplished form at the Guidance Office. There are an average of 900 applicants who take the exam every school year.Checking of the exam papers and the sectioning of the student are done and will be processed for at least 2 months. Students who passed will have a section made by he year level chairman who made their section by having a list of the qualifiers' names. And they will be informed through their website or on the school's bulletin board. The Successful applicants will then be interviewed by members of the administrative staff for classification purposes. Schedule of interview will be announced through MOMS website. Only Two hundred eighty (280) successful applicants will be admitted to Grade VII this school year 2014-2015, those students are also going to undergo general encoding.Those who will fail to enro ll within the enrolment period will be replaced by the next in rank. ENROLLMENT PROCESS Enrollment in this school is considered as a formal acceptance by the students of the obligation to faithfully carry out their responsibilities and their expression of willingness to collaborate with the school administration and faculty. Students shall enroll on the date set for their particular year level. They will undergo final General encoding in the BEES office where in their information are obtained all of which are: LEARN, Name, Gender, Birthday, Mother tongue, Religion, Address, Barraging, Municipality, Province, Parents, Mother's Maiden name, Father's Maiden name, Guardian and Contact number.They will input these details by encoding it in an excel spreadsheet on one of the six computers set-up by the school in the BEES office. Report Cards (Form 138), certification of good moral character and Barraging Captain Certification of residence (proofs if necessary) are required for the enrollm ent. This requirements will be collected still in the BEES room, from the students by a representative from the registrar's office. The information will be disseminated to the guidance office and the registrar's office where the information will be stored. After all the enrollment processes, the enrolled students shall receive a certificate of enrolment.They don't have to pay since the government pays for their studies. The students who fail to come on the prescribe enrollment period will be scheduled to enroll after the last day of 4th year enrollees. Transferees must be a student in science high schools only, otherwise they will not be eligible to enroll. School date is absolute so anyone cannot transfer to the school if the school year already started even if they came from another science high school. GRADING PROCESS At the end of every grading period, the teachers will pass the final grades of the student to the respective advisers. There will be a watch list for those who fail s to meet the standard grading requirement, which is a AWG of 85%.Inaccurate and unreliable transferring of student information to the registrar During the general encoding, the BEES sets up 6 computers in the BEES office for the encoding of the student's information. The students encode it in MS Excel spreadsheet. The problem with this is that the computers are not networked and so the details are all separated. What the CIT head does is to copy and paste the information encoded by the student to the separate file that she made. This process proved to be tedious and unreliable so she double checks it and takes more time. Inefficiency in handling student entry in general encoding During general encoding, the student enters his/her information in an MS Excel spreadsheet.New students doesn't have a problem since they still don't have existing information. However a problem arises when the old students do the general encoding. Because the school stores the general information in hardco py documents, their existing data isn't available for editing in excel, so every year that they attend general encoding, they enter personal information from scratch again. This proved to be inefficient because it takes more time. The problem in scheduling the teachers' class load The scheduling of the teacher's time is done by the department head. Schedules are done during summer by plotting the schedules on paper or through excel worksheets.That means they will know their exam score on the same day the exam is taken. It will ultimately save time for the school to check the exam papers. Create a networked database connection between the PC's to handle separated data. To systematically connect the data in the six (6) PC's, the proponents will create a networked database to store data on only one (1) data storage so that the CIT coordinator will not be having a hard time in collecting information. It will also save time and effort for the remaining process. Create a process for insta nt retrieval of existing student information during general encoding The proponents will create a function to retrieve the student information.

Galveston TX budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Galveston TX budget - Essay Example The budget aims to balance the preference of the community with the reality that sacrifices must be made in order to align the spending of the county’s resources and services. In the employment sector, the county strives to minimize retrenchment by aiming to use early retirement and voluntary distinction of rewards to reduce working staff and align working employees into vacant positions. To achieve this objective, the county is aiming at reducing services and programs and applying general capital or funds reserves in proposition funds. The recommended budget is designed in that it aims to restore structural balance of the following financial year, which is 2012/2013. That implies that the county will spend its means with borrowing from reserves. Policy makers warned that if the county showed some weakness on the way and did not stay on track, then it would continue relying on reserves and at one point in time, it would run short of reserves. To aid close the gap between reven ues and expenditures, the county has over time made tremendous development and progress (Hayes 51). Galveston County has: i. Reduced layoffs by eliminating vacant positions ii. Designed new service mechanism that have consolidated departments iii. It has partnered with private and public sectors to enhance safety and other services to operate well iv. It has reduced labor costs by partnering with labor organizations v. It has created various cost savings programs that will see reduction in operation cost while guarding other services, enhanced management and cut down on oil and hotel services. The main incremental approach to the development of Galveston budget is based on the financial difficulties posed by the financial crisis. The budget planners in the city of Galveston consider the revenue growth because increase in revenues can be distributed to the all programs and departments with little controversy. There is possibility of acrimony, though, when distributing revenue decreme nts during times of revenue decline (Finnkelstein 17). There are several perspectives that the policy makers need to consider when planning for the budget, for instance, by what methods will resources be distributed too services? How and where will the politicians, public, and citizens engaged during the process? Before budgeting, jurisdiction plays a critical role in that it states how the city should invest resources to meet its laid down goals and objectives. Priority assist in articulating why its plans and programs exist, what value and benefit they offer to citizen, what price the inhabitant pay for them, and what goals and citizens preferences they are settling (Finnkelstein 41). Galveston County in Texas has major six priorities, which are expressed as citizen statements: i. Well organized, planned, and developed communities within the county. The policy makers proposed that it was significant to strategize and plan infrastructure in order to maintain quality life of its cit izens. ii. Economic vitality in that Galveston County wants to have more industries that will enhance and promote a healthy and sustainable economy that does not burden its citizens. iii. Self-sufficient people and families for the Galveston citizens whereby the community provides variety of opportunities for its citizens to be self-productive and sufficient.

Sense of Lost Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sense of Lost Love - Essay Example The paper will take a linear narrative model, where I will start of the application process, outline the steps in the middle of the body, and end the project at the publishing phase. Section 2: The step By step Tutorial Guide The Pre-production Phase Brief The first step in the pre-production step is gathering the information and equipment or requirements needed for the application. I first of all determined the different forms of playback that will be met by the animation. Some of the delivery formats that I considered include the following: Format Resolution (pixels) Frames per Second HDTV (1080i) 1920 x1080 30 HDTV (720p) 1280 x 720 30 DVD 720 x 480 29.97 Web 480 x 320 24 PowerPoint Video 800 x 600 24-30 CD-ROM 640 x 480 24 Print image (8.5† x 11†) 2550 x 3300 N/A Retrieved from, http://www.frameworkmedia.com/pdfs/animation_process.pdf From the above table, it is clear that different formats differ in resolution requirements. I was also required to have an absolute sch edule time and a working budget range. I had to ensure that I provide a quality product in the scheduled deadline, so my aim was to decide on the design budget range prior to storyboarding. Style sheet This part of the pre-production phase included giving the details of graphic images used in my framework and motion graphic. Among the graphic images used were video footages, photographs, and illustrations to get the real image. Of significance also were PowerPoint presentations and supporting market content, prerecorded voice tracks, written narration scripts, court documents, and interviews with graphic experts to get the exact data required. It was essential to shoot video footage or take extra photographs during this period, specifically for complex procedures or animations that called for a high degree of realism and accuracy. Storyboard After I was through with the graphics details, my next step was to initiate the storyboarding procedure to establish what the actions of the gr aphics and how the animation will appear. I used various forms of storyboards, such as detailed drawings and napkin sketches, putting in mind the central visual elements at different points in the animation. In this context, I used the storyboard during the design and production step to generate all the assets and models essential for the animation. The storyboard was also necessary to ensure that all the necessities are met by the time the final animation is produced. A concept of importance that I considered was to set an approximated budget for my project before storyboarding. I used design decisions in the process to shun specifically difficult and unaffordable shots (frameworkmedia.com). Production Constructing the multimedia framework and applying the process The storyboard is now approved, and therefore the production phase sets in. My 3D dimension workflow and model is founded on Autodesk 3D max, a tool most often used in gaming and visual effects companies globally. During construction, the animation assets are modeled or drawn in a number of dimensions. I created my model from scratch in a 3d max. 3d models from the available CAD data to sped up the construction process. Finally, the 3d models illustrated the topology of the equipment that was finally animated. The degree of detail needed for the model was driven by the final resolution image and how near the camera was to the model and the

Sampling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Sampling - Essay Example These groups of the elderly are unable to visit a physician. As such, it is important for nursing practitioners to visit them at their home from time to time, such as three times a year to every six weeks in order to improve their compliance to medication and the reduction in exacerbation of the condition of the patients † (Conforti, Hess, Holmboe & Lynn, 2011). Research Hypothesis – increase in the number of visits that a nursing practitioner makes to the adult patients suffering from hypertension is an effective strategy in enhancing the capacity of patients to comply with medication as well as reduce the exacerbation of their condition (Cabrita, Costa & Henriques, 2012). Aged patients suffering from hypertension - this covers the context of the research as this group forms the participants of the study, individuals aged fifty years and above, diagnosed with hypertension, and are taking their medication. Medication compliance – this refers to the ability of participants to continuously take prescribed medication as well as adhere to the right regiment, as well as failure to stop taking their medication without informing their provider. Exacerbation of the condition of patients - this refers to the worsening conditions of hypertension especially associated with the failure by patients to stick to the prescribed medication (Conforti, Hess, Holmboe & Lynn, 2011). Study sample incorporates men, women aged fifty years, and above, their participation involves diagnosis with hypertension, staying at home, and mobility issues preventing physician visits, and taking of medication. Non-probability sampling is useful in this study sample considering the specificity of the desired sample. Researchers will also use convenience sampling as only the available individuals meeting the requirements and willing to participate will be in use (Cabrita, Costa & Henriques, 2012). Study follows a causal design, as

Part 1 assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Part 1 assignment - Coursework Example Its next model is Model X, whose delivery to the market has been postponed a number of times as the company sees to streamline its Model S supply with the global marketing objectives. Apart from the use of electricity as the primary source of energy, the model has many other benefits, which facilitate its efforts to target its niche in the global market. Currently, the company looks to deliver Model X in the next few months. The marketing strategy that is currently being used by Tesla Motors is simply focused on the delivery of the benefits that its cars have above many others in the market, especially in comparison to its key competitors. Primary focus is currently on the new model – Model X. The new model of Tesla electric vehicles, Model X, seeks to deliver a whole lot of advantages to the consumer. First, the model to be positioned is not weight-restricted – it weighs about 10 percent that the current models and has found a way to utilize more than half of the parts used by Model S (Garrett, 2012 ). This means that a whole of functionalities can be added to enhance the experience of the customer without worrying about the weight of the car, unlike in many models in the market. This model also provides you with a double-battery pack in an effort to enhance the length of time that the electric car batteries will last. Will model will also be able to accelerate to almost 100 km/h in sligh tly more than four seconds. This way, it exceeds the performance of many SUV’s as well as the currently provided sports cars. Unlike the current four-wheel drive cars in the market, Model X uses all-wheel drive capability, which utilizes two motors instead of one. The rear-wheel drive model will also be in supply to further enhance the customer experience, especially for off-road drivers (Garrett, 2012 ). The gull-wing doors, hinged to the bottom, will make it possible for the front edge of the

Explain the difference between a change in demand and a change in the Essay

Explain the difference between a change in demand and a change in the quantity demanded. List and discuss at least 5 factors tha - Essay Example Thus the factors that determine demand can broadly be categorized into two categories; price determinants and non-price determinants. Presence of these two distinct determinants of demand gives rise to two different but equally important concepts; change in quantity demanded and change in demand. 1. Change in Quantity Demanded. A change in quantity demanded refers to the variation in consumers’ demand of a commodity due to a change in its price, other factors remaining constant. Thus, the only factor that causes a change in quantity demanded is price. In case of change in quantity demanded there is upward or downward movement along the same demand curve. The change in quantity demanded is depicted in fig 1. As the price falls from p to p1, the quantity demanded increases from q to q1 and there is movement along the same demand curve from A to B. A ‘fall’ or ‘increase’ in quantity demanded due to the change in price is also termed as ‘contraction ’ or ‘extension’ of demand. Fig 1: Change in Quantity Demanded 2. Change in Demand. A change in demand refers to an increase or decrease in demand that is brought about by a change in the other factors, except price. Thus a change in demand is a result of non-price determinants coming into force. ... Unlike, change in quantity demanded, a change in demand entails a shift in the demand curve; either to the left or to the right of the original demand curve. The change in demand is depicted in fig 2. There is an increase in demand when the demand curve shifts from D1 to D2. On the other hand, decrease in demand occurs when the demand curve shifts from D1 to D3. Fig 2: Change in Demand There are numerous non-price determinants of demand that lead to a change in demand. Some of these are discussed below: 2.1 Tastes and Preferences. Tastes and preferences play a pivotal role in shaping the demand for a product or commodity. In fact, the endeavor of any marketer of goods or services is to alter the tastes and preferences of the consumers so that they like the product that is being sold. The tastes and preferences of consumers are affected by numerous factors like advertising, promotions, cultural environment, government reports etc. For example, if the findings of a government funded re search study suggest that ingestion of carbonated drinks like Coke or Pepsi may be harmful to the human body, people may refrain from drinking these products and this may lead to a decrease in demand. 2.2 Prices of related products. There exist products in the market that may be substitutes or complements to the product in question. It is reasonable to expect that the prices of these related products have a bearing on the demand of a particular product. It is worthwhile to mention that if the price of a substitute changes, the demand for the product under consideration moves in the same direction as the change in the substitutes price. For e.g. in case the price of Coke increases, quantity demanded of Pepsi, a

Consumer Behaviour Models and Their Strategic Applications Essay

Consumer Behaviour Models and Their Strategic Applications - Essay Example Pepsi and Low Involvement Decision Making With the advancement of technology, it has become easier for consumers to search for necessary information and make careful and informed decisions. This theory was first mentioned by Walters (2002), where he had considered all the external and internal factors affecting the purchase decision of an individual and created a complex connection. Group, as well as social forces, influence the buying process of a customer. Consideration of research work of Krugman and Hartley (1970) reveals the fact that there is a significant amount of divergence exist peoples involvement in the decision-making process. In some decision-making process, people pay a significant amount of importance on evaluating available options while in case of some products, consumers do not put significant importance on evaluating options and just go by their intuition. In the first case, the decision-making process is known as high involvement decisions while the second proces s known as low involvement decision process. ... On contrary, decisions regarding fast food purchase, buying drinks, buying small products etc can affect customers only during the specific period of consumption and such decisions can hardly impact overall aspects of human life. Therefore, people tend to involve less while making decisions regarding above-mentioned issues. In Low Involvement Decision Making, people can make a purchase decision with the help of specific stimulus such as positive feelings during consumption, a suggestion from a peer group, consumption environment, previous consumption experience etc. Involvement based Consumer Decision Making Process In this section, the study will use Pepsi’s marketing and promotional efforts in order to understand how Low Involvement Decision Making takes place while consumers make soft drinks purchasing decision. From a marketing perspective, Pepsi’s marketing and promotional efforts aim to persuade consumers that they are better compared to Coke. Pepsi uses TV commer cials. Print advertisements, celebrity endorsements, sports events sponsorships, music event sponsorships, retail promotions which are tailored for the local market, in-store displays, billboards, hoardings, social media advertisements in Facebook, Twitter etc to promote their offering (Aronson, 1999). Aronson (1999) stated that market share of Pepsi is smaller than Coke but in the last 14 years, Pepsi has regained its market share with the help of the promotional strategies. Now, when customers make soft drinks consumption decision then what factors they exactly consider?  

New Product Entry into U.S. Market Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

New Product Entry into U.S. Market - Term Paper Example In the present study, the marketing environment of the target companies will be studied and their situation will be analyzed. Proper strategies will be made for entry into the target market. Situation Analysis Steel cables are generally two or more cable wires bonded with each other in symmetry. They are used for various purposes such as towing, lifting or conveying etc. Steel wire cables are used in almost all big electrical and outdoor equipments such as elevators, escalators, big machines for holding equipments etc. It can be easily said that these steel cables are one of the building blocks of the outdoor electronic equipments like elevators and other construction equipments. In the present situation analysis, three companies will be selected who are the largest manufacturers of elevators and similar electronic equipments in US. The selection will be based on size of the company, number of employees, sales figures, location and distribution, major products manufactured and the pu rchasing process. 1. Dover Corporation The first company selected is Dover Elevator Systems Inc., USA, which is an arm of Dover Corporation. Dover is known as the largest manufacturer of elevators in US. The other operating divisions of the corporation are communications, vapor recovery, electronics etc. The elevators manufactured by Dover are mainly used by hotels, apartments, department stores, hospitals, factories, railway stations, medium high rise developments such as office, low cost flats etc (Dover Corporation, 2012). Dover follows a normal purchasing request which is demand –supply process. Demand is estimated according to pre-production analysis and supply process is initiated in cycles. Geographic markets- apart from United States, Dover has its operations in many countries such as Mexico, Malaysia, and Australia etc. Apart from distributing as a wholly owned brand, Dover has its distribution in many countries as third party distributors, franchisee and tie-ups. Do ver elevators are distributed in all major countries of Europe, Asia and majority of UK. Distributors- Dover operates through both independent and local distributors. One unique strategy which Dover applied was that both their names as well as the local distributor’s name were engraved in the installed equipment. This helped the organization to gain a local advantage. The presence of national distributions helps the company in reaching a wide geographic distribution over the country. 2. Otis Elevator Company Otis Elevator Company is considered as one of the biggest manufacturer of vertical transport system. The company is headquartered in Farmington, Connecticut, USA. Major manufacturing factories are established in America, Asia and Europe and it has distribution in more than 200 countries. The company also owns two testing towers, one situated at its headquarters and another in Japan (Otis Elevator Company, 2013). The company specializes in elevators, escalators and moving walkways. Apart from this, the company is also engaged in providing elevator solutions and immediate services to any issues regarding safety and communication. Distribution- the distribution occurs through many sales channels. The

Inherent Fallacies Essay Example for Free

Inherent Fallacies Essay We humans live in a world were illogical fallacies run rampant. In 12 Angry Men the author illustrates everyday illogical fallacies people have in the setting of a court jury. Jurors: 3, 4, 7 and 10 have their own fallacies that are unique to them in the play; but can be found in common people in everyday people. In 12 Angry Men the illogical fallacy for Juror Number 3 is a general fallacy. This fallacy is the result of an emotional prejudice by juror 3 has as he compares the defendant with his own child. Juror 3 says in the play, You’re right. Its the kids.  The way they are—you know? They dont listen. Ive got a kid. When he was eight years old, he ran away from a fight. I saw him. I was so ashamed, I told him right out, Im gonna make a man out of you or Im gonna bust you up into little pieces trying. When he was fifteen he hit me in the face. Hes big, you know. I havent seen him in three years. Rotten kid! You work your heart out. All right, lets get on with it. (Reginald Rose 8) His emotional prejudice gets in the way of his critically thinking through the evidence because he has emotional conflict with his own son. He is grouping all teens together because of his altercation with his son, and Juror 3 is just punishing the young man on trial because he cannot come to turns with his own failings as a parent with his child. Towards the end of the play Juror 3 is all alone on the vote count; he â€Å"looks around at all of them for a long time. They sit silently, waiting for him to speak, and all of them despise him for his stubbornness. Then, suddenly, his face contorts as if he is about to cry, and he slams his fist down on the table† †¦ (thundering) All right† (30). Juror Number 4 and 10 each has prejudices about slum dwellers. This prejudice gives way to genetic fallacies in each juror’s thinking that at the beginning of the deliberations cause them to vote guilty in the initial preliminary vote. Juror 4, for example, says, Were missing the point here. This boy—lets say hes a product of a filthy neighborhood and a broken home. We cant help that. Were not here to go into the reasons why slums are breeding grounds for criminals. They are. I know it. So do you. The children who come out of slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. 23) The play says that he is a man of wealth and position. We can also determine this by his attitude about people from the ghetto from his previously mentioned statement. Juror 10 is prejudice for the fact that he came from the slums,I don’t mind telling you, mister. We don’t owe him a thing. He got a fair trial, didn’t he? You know what that trial cost? He’s lucky he got it. Look, we’re all grownups here. You’re not going to tell us that we’re supposed to believe him, knowing what he is. I’ve lived among ’em all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. You know that. 5) This line of thinking also can be seen when Juror 4 tells them, â€Å"Next, the boy claims that on the way home the knife must have fallen through a hole in his coat pocket, that he never saw it again. Now theres a story, gentlemen. You know what actually happened. The boy took the knife home and a few hours later stabbed his father with it and even remembered to wipe off the fingerprints† (9). Juror Number Seven has no need to go over the facts again; he votes with whatever the majority of the vote is deciding. Juror 7 is in a hurry to get to the play he has tickets for as noted on page 3, â€Å"Right. This better be fast. Ive got tickets to The Seven Year Itch tonight. I must be the only guy in the whole world who hasnt seen it yet. (He laughs and sits down. ) Okay, your honor, start the show† (3). His prejudice that gets in the way of him critically thinking through the case is selfishness, which leads to a slippery slope illogical fallacy in the play. He says to the foreman,I dont know, most of its been said already. We can talk all day about this thing, but I think we’re wasting our time. Look at the kids record. At fifteen he was in reform school. He stole a car. Hes been arrested for mugging. He was picked up for knife-fighting. I think they said he stabbed somebody in the arm. This is a very fine boy. (7) This statement highlights the laziness of juror 7 to mean for not necessarily do any of those things correlate with killing his father. The prejudices of all jurors are the basis of the story. These prejudices lead to many illogical fallacies that are shown and resolved throughout the play for each juror. They are attempts by the author to show how every day are riddled with fallacies of logic and how people’s personal conflicts cloud their critical thinking to reason. This play suggests that we all need to examine ourselves before we rush to any type of judgment.

Advantages And Disadvantages of Offshore Outsourcing

Advantages And Disadvantages of Offshore Outsourcing The advantages and disadvantages of offshore outsourcing to the western countries (and workforce) and emerging-market countries(and workforce) is discussed based on the context of Western countries outsourcing a part of their business process to vendors primarily from developing countries like China, India, Indonesia, Philippines etc. ADVANTAGES OF OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING TO WESTERN COMPANIES AND WORKFORCE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES Offshore outsourcing benefits the outsourcer to have an edge over the other competitors in terms of cost reduction, increased productivity and profits by relegating some of its functions to other countries third part contractors and concentrating mainly on their core business (Bahrami 2009). The exploiting of geographical location advantages such as low cost (lower prices for input), availability and quality of resources, larger pool of skilled labours, transportation costs, trade restrictions creates a repositories of valuable rents thus enhancing productivity(Bahrami 2009; Bunyaratavej 2008; Gereffi 2005; Prola 2004). Wells Fargo VISA,a US based company uses contact centres of Mahindra-Satyam, India to make marketing calls to their potential customers in Seattle due to availability of inexpensive labour, abundance of educated English-speaking workforce and government incentives. Philips, Dell, Motorola are buying digital device designs completely from Asian developers. Both these examples are in consistency with the RBV (Resource based view) which suggests that the competitive edge for the firm is gained through maximization of the long-term profits by developing and exploiting resources (Javalgi 2009). The flexible labour laws and time zone difference in developing countries helps to speed up the business process by employees working round the clock in various shifts. The U.S companies like Dell, American Express and Eastman Kodak offer 24/7 customer care services by outsourcing such services to developing countries like India. According to Edwards (1998), cited in Bahrami (2009), by offloading a part of the repetitive business processes to the emerging market workforce, the skilled labour in the western labour pool gets an opportunity to be innovative and hone managerial techniques which helps in productive utilisation of resources thus leading to the profitability of the company. The workforce in western countries who would have lost their job to foreign vendors are trained and reallocated to an advanced level of working which in turn helps in developing new skills and techniques contributing to an improved set of domestic resources (Kedia and Mukherjee 2009). DISADVANTAGES OF OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING TO WESTERN COMPANIES AND WORKFORCE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES There is a misconception that offshore outsourcing to low wage countries reduce cost because of cheap labour. According to UNCTAD (2005),in some cases considering hidden costs like taxes, duties, management attention, communication and co-ordination expenses etc,the venture turns out to be expensive. The geographical distance and cultural differences act as a barrier for clients to monitor the quality of suppliers work. This can be resolved to an extent if a manager from the western company keeps visiting the vendor location in person (Khan et al. 2003; UNCTAD 2005). It has been recognised by Javalgi (2009) that the absence of global laws or enforcement about intellectual property rights and privacy laws acts as a major threat to the outsourcer companies. The confidential data of outsourcers are at risk in developing countries where these laws are not strictly enforced. When Taiwans BenQ was given a contract by Motorola for designing and manufacturing mobile phones, Ben Q violated the contract and created its own brand and Market in China for selling mobile phones (Bahrami 2009). As a measure to avoid such fraudulent cases Khan (2003) suggests joint venture between the outsourcer and overseas supplier as an option which binds the supplier to handle their customers data with utmost care as the supplier will also be a partner in this case. The loss of western country jobs to foreign providers might lead to negative publicity of the company. Examples about the accusation faced by the US companies like Dell, IBM, City Group for exporting jobs overseas leading to job losses in the USA (Hill 2007, cited in Bahrami 2005) demonstrates this issue. The unethical practices followed by suppliers will have an impact on the reputation of western companies. Nike and Adidas being criticized by the media because of their Indonesias supplier sweatshops poor workplace standards attracted negative publicity and thus reduced sales. To avoid such issues, companies are now taking precautionary measures like initiatives to improve existing poor conditions and also signing contract only with ethical suppliers. For companies involved in outsourcing their engineering and design technologies overseas, keeping abreast with current technological developments will be very difficult since the company will not be directly involved in the process which might lead to diminishing value of the firms competitive advantage, level of expertise and competencies (Kotabe1998, cited in Kotabe and Mudambi 2009).For example, General Electrics (US based company) heavy dependency on Samsung (South Korean Company) for manufacturing its Microwaves ultimately led to the success of Samsung in the same field(Javalgi 2009). Western companies management might benefit in terms of cost reduction by sub-contracting its work to an emerging market country firm, on the flip side it puts a tremendous amount of pressure on their own workforce due to replacement with the equally skilled lower wage overseas employees and also builds an intense competition as they will be competing with the global workforce (Shao and David 2007). The labour force sustainability in any economy is inter-dependent. If technologists for IT activities are outsourced, even the Human resource personnel and other support jobs become redundant in the home country (Shao and David 2007). During 2003 400,000 US jobs have already gone offshore (Ford 2003).This job shift impacts all sectors of western workforce. Also the older western workers failing to acquire new skills or failing to search for alternate jobs would leave the workforce and become a financial burden to the society (Bahrami 2009). ADVANTAGES OF OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING TO EMERGING MARKET COMPANIES AND WORKFORCE IN EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES New business opportunities available to emerging market companies puts them in limelight and aids in global recognition by being a part of global commodity chain which would attract more clients and hence enhance its reputation. For example, Tata consultancy Services, Infosys and Wipro are the top three India based information service companies which have carved their niche in the global market mainly by serving US clients. The services offered by emerging market companies are expected to be of high standards to match requirements of western companies and to rope in new customers. Hence quality and capability standards of the labour pool (i.e. language, computer skills etc.) will be improved not just to match the requirements but also to attract Multi-national companies from other countries. The stimulation of growth and starting of local vendors due to new company establishments would increase the infrastructure, availability of human resource jobs and also the job opportunities and wages thus improving standards of living in developing countries (Farrel et al. 2006). DISADVANTAGES OF OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING TO EMERGING MARKET COMPANIES AND WORKFORCE IN EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES Emerging market companies heavily relying on offshore clients for their survival will have its profitability entwined with the western economic and political stability and hence will be affected when there is fluctuation in foreign currency rates or any political instability (Birou and Fawcett 1993; Huchzermeier and Cohen 1996; Cho and Kang 2001; Kouvelis 1999; Chopra and Sodhi 2004, cited in Canbolat et al. 2008). For example, credit-crunch during 2008 had an adverse effect on all the globally spread companies dependent on the US market. The strong market players might overexploit their offshore suppliers through their high bargaining power. Wal-Mart, the US retailer, approximately subcontracts 6000 global suppliers and 80% are from China which imposes strong buyer power on its china suppliers by setting price for some of the products they buy (PBS-Frontline- Is_Walmart_Good_for_America.mpg). The cultural and linguistic barriers might pose as a problem to communicate and co-ordinate effectively for both the western companies and the developing world companies. The cream of the workforce will be lured and employed to work for the benefit of the companies of developing countries which would lead to enclaved development and international brain drain'(Kobrin 1999) thus widening the economic gap in the society. The offshore outsourcing business is a dynamic and highly competitive strategy. India, which once had the highest number of contact centre jobs, is recently being out paced by Philippines.The Philippines now leads India in call-centre jobs, employing 350,000 compared with Indias 330,000 (Yun and Chu 2011).Replacement of the low wage outsourced vendors due to automation also poses as a threat to emerging market workforce (UNCTAD 2005). The effect of polarization, dualism and geographical isolation would lead to unequal distribution of wealth amongst the developing countys workforce (Kobrin 1999). Like anti-globalists argue, offshore outsourcing (contributor to the process of globalization) benefits only to those developing countries with a comparative advantage to thrive economically and the others remain neglected. This is the same with respect to the workforce in fewer cities of a country enjoying the limelight and the others being left out. Bangalore and other metropolitan cities in case of India and Shangai in China which are the hotbed for offshore outsourcers enjoy top class services and amenities while the majority of the rural workforce of India and China still faces issues like unemployment and poverty. CONCLUSION Offshore outsourcing can be a win-win situation for both western and emerging market countries if a balance between capitalizing the benefits and adopting measures to counteract the drawback is achieved. The international divisions of labour on a global scale which is the result of the capitalist-world system(Gereffi 2009) can lead to what Amable(2000, p.656), cited in(Gereffi 2009) describes as institutional complementarily i.e. Multilateral reinforcement mechanism between institutional arrangements the existence of western companies facilitating the existence of the vendors in developing countries and vice versa.

Children with Disabilities in the Classroom :: Education School Essays

Children with Disabilities in the Classroom "A recent feature of elementary schools is the more frequent inclusion of children with disabilities. Regular classrooms now include children whose physical and mental disabilities would at one time have relegated them to special classrooms" (Cooper & Ryan 1998, pp. 98). There are numerous issues that arise when it comes to educating exceptional students. Since, science is an important school subject we need to have special adaptations to meet all of the student’s needs. "Students with exceptional educational needs are best served in regular classrooms in their neighborhood schools" (Koch 1999, p. 16). While we interviewed Mark Bertram, a kindergarten teacher at Homer Elementary school, Janie Hughes, Special Education Teacher’s Aide in Mark Bertram’s classroom, we asked them the question: "What does inclusion mean to you and how does it affect your classroom?" They stated that having inclusion in the classroom from the beginning of schooling allows children to co me into contact with students unlike themselves and become comfortable with their differences. We also asked teachers, "How do the students respond to having a child with special needs in the classroom?" They stated that the children respond in a positive manner by being very caring and helpful to the students. In one of the classrooms there is a child with Cerebal Palsy. She enjoys reading books and the children are always excited to help her by holding the books, reading slowly and loudly with her. In the other classroom there is a student with Autism. When she has an episode during a lesson instead of a teacher taking out the time to calm her down, a student will rock with her until she relaxes while they are still following along with the lesson. In 1975, Public Law 94-142 was passed which means all children who have been identified as having a disability are guaranteed the right to a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment (LRE) (Biklen, et al 1987). We saw examples of this in the classroom when exceptional students were participating in normal classroom activities with average students. For example, one of the classrooms created an ABC picture book by forming their bodies around the special needs child to create the letters of the alphabet. "Teachers will create developmentally appropriate lessons for all students which are grounded in mathematics and science and which can be applied in the design activities of technology" (NY State Education Department 2000).

Human Gender and Mathematics Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive papers

Human Gender and Mathematics Is there a difference in the mathematical ability between men and women? Historians have no precise method of quantifying or comparing their individual accomplishments (Olsen). Not only in mathematics, but also in many other career areas in the past, women were looked upon as inferior to their male counterparts. Women were not encouraged to pursue a career in mathematics. Historically, women were seen working around the home, cleaning the house, taking care of the children, and cooking the food. Even if they did pursue a career in mathematics, their research was sometimes viewed as questionable. I will defend the fact that, "Women have the same capabilities of achieving in mathematics than men do." However, you probably have heard of more male mathematicians than female mathematicians because historically, the male is labeled to be smarter in the subject of mathematics. In many cases this is not true. Women were viewed upon as equal in mathematical ability when they began making amaz ing discoveries in mathematics, began to stick up for their rights, and began to be accepted by their male counterparts as equal. An unknown author once wrote, "To understand the development of mathematics, we must have a picture of the men who made the science"(Olsen). Like many other statements about male mathematicians, you rarely find any trace of their female counterparts. Jean Dumee, a French astronomer, stated that women are not incapable of study, if they wish to make the effort, because between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference (Olsen). Women mathematicians have been around for centuries and have had amazing contributions to the field of mathematics. Women like Hypatia, Sophie Germa... ...athematics and science. If the above statement holds true, women were considered inferior to men in these areas because they weren’t schooled at a higher level. In today’s world, women are schooled at the same level as men are, which leads them to participate and excel in these fields. Lastly, female mathematicians have the same capabilities of male mathematicians because they made amazing and important discoveries in mathematics, have stuck up for their gender rights, and most important of all, were accepted by their male counterparts as equal. Works Cited Page [1] Olsen, Lynn. Women in Mathematics. New York: The MIT Press, 1974 [2] Scott, Agnes. "Biographies of Women Mathematicians." 28 Feb. 1999. Agnes Scott College. <http:/www.agnesscott.edu/Iriddle/women/women.htm> [3] Walkerdine, Valerie. Counting Girls Out. Bristol, PA: Falmer Press, 1974

Physics of Pool :: physics sport pool billiards

Physics is the science that allows us to understand the fundamental behaviors of the universe. It can be explored at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, giving insight into the way objects interact. Here we will take a look at how physics can be applied to the game of pool. Almost all of the different aspects of pool can be explained through physics, and a better understanding of these fundemental principles can aid in performance playing pool. In the game of pool there are sixteen balls, one cueball and fifteen physically identical numbered balls. While there are many interactions between all the balls on the table, in order to simplify things we will only look at the interactions between the cue ball and the first ball it strikes. These principles can be expanded to evaluate the entire system of balls on the pool table. In order to evaluate the physics of pool, first the measurable values of the system must be collected. Parameter Symbol Value Cue ball mass m1 1.6x10-1 kg Cue ball radius r1 2.79x10-2m Ball mass m2-m16 1.7x10-1 kg Ball radii r2-r16 2.86x10-2 m Coefficient of friction  µk 0.027 Knowing these values the Motion, Work, and Energy can all be derived. The motion of the balls can be catagorized into two general catagories which are collisions and spin or rotation. Here the focus will be on collisions between the balls. The spin can have a significant effect on the motion of the ball, but due to time constraints and complexity of the science of it it will not be addressed to much detail. "An elastic collision between two objects is one in which the total kinetic energy (as well as total momentum) of the system is the same before and after the collision." (Physics for Scientists and Engineers) In a collision between the cue ball and another ball, since the masses are so similar the resulting angle between the vectors of the balls is approximately ninety degrees.

Sustainable Business Management- Team Project

Gardens by the bay cradles the aim of creating a ‘City in a garden’. This government funded initiative aims to spread the essence of Singapore being a tropical garden city in Asia. It bears the vision of providing the people who reside here with a pleasant and healthy environment work and live in. They aim to do this by spreading the greenery through several species of flora conserved in the garden. The project has a core principle of conserving environmental sustainability.The garden is home to many species of flora and has a lot of greenery inside which is aimed to improve the environmental sustainability in the city. The tropical and natural feel of the garden also aims to adhere to eco- friendly initiatives taken by the government, which also pushes the project towards environmental sustainability. The garden also aims to create more green spaces despite the rapid rate of urbanisation Singapore faces as a country. The project also hopes to attract those people who us ually do not faun the idea of visiting gardens in tropical countries. â€Å"The gardens aim to be the world’s best with 2,000 species of plants on display.† (http://singapore.waterdialogue.com)3. How do these aims connect with the objective of sustainability?Gardens by the bay adheres do the objectives of sustainability. This is achieved through the use of the conservatories built in order to give the essence of a ‘city in a garden’. These climate controlled glass- houses inherit low energy use and a number of renewable sources. The structure of the garden which is built in a way to give a tropic environmental essence allows maximum use of natural solar energy, also reducing the need for manually harnessed energy. The aim of increasing the greenery and the number of flora also adheres to environmental sustainability.The idea of increasing the flora has lead the national park association to grow more than 3 million trees which provide timber chippings in or der to generate electricity for the coolants and to drive the CHP system. This adds to being more sustainable in the use of electricity and heat. Creating more green spaces and eco- friendly activities carried out such as recycling also contribute to the core objectives of sustainability. The aim of spreading  greenery and natural habitation also influences the people living in the country to be more eco- friendly and environmentally sustainable.â€Å"Sustainability has been a key design driver for Singapore’s ambitious Gardens by the Bay project. The garden at Marina South will be home to some of the site’s most spectacular structures including two cooled conservatories.†

Digital Espionage

Attacks on sites had been a common occurence ever since the boom of the Internet market, and it is only usual for people to get into the business themselves either legally or ilegally. Since the occurence of these attacks anti-virus companies had been built, adding yet another business into the market. But the level of attacks had been vastly improving, and one example is what happened on Google, one of the world’s leading search engine. On January 12, 2010, Google announced on its blog that it had been attacked. It was said to have occured from mid last year and finished last December.Google stated that over 20 other companies including Adobe and Microsoft, had also been victims. On that same day, US Secretary Hilary Clinton publicly asked for an explanation from the Chinese government. Google became aware of the attack themselves, through their inside sources. According to Newsweek, at the time, they contacted Rafal Rohozinski, CEO of The SecDev Group (a global security and research firm) because the attack was very similar to GhostNet (a large scale cyber spying event last March 2009) and they wanted to know what they could share that might be helpful to their in-house investigation.The attack seems to be emanating from the jurisdiction of China. Google said that the hackers were interested in accessing the Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists. According to the Financial Times, a person named Ai Weiwei had his two accounts hacked, their contents read and copied. On the others, however, they were only able to view limited details such as the subject line and the creation date of the account. It was said that the attack started when an employee in China click on an infected linked, which was sent through an instant message.The attacker was able to access the person’s computer, and eventually Google’s headquarters in California. It also accessed Google’s Moma, an intenal directory that stores information on each of the em ployees work task. Carlos Carillo, principal consultant of Mandiant (security incident response and forensics firm) was also called in by Google. He said that it was â€Å"definitely one of the most sophisticated attacks I've seen in the last few years†¦ This wasn't something that a 16-year-old came up in his spare time.† He said that they’ve seen similar attacks like this on the government, but never on the commercial space. The level of the attack had certainly been done by a group of experts. Last January 14, 2010, McAfee reported that the attackers had exploited zero-day vulnerabilities and called the attack â€Å"Operation Aurora†. They exploited a hole in Microsoft’s Internet Explorer even if their DEP (Data Execution Prevention) was turned on. The vulnerability affects Internet Explorer versions 6, 7, and 8 on Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 R2, as well as IE 6 Service Pack 1 on Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.It would be ve ry hard to exploit the flaw on Windows Vista or Windows 7, however, because of its advanced memory protection technology. Zero-day vulnerabilities are those flaws that are unknown to the developer. When the attacker discovers the vulnerability before the developer does, it can prove to be very dangerous. The attacker can either use the vulnerability to copy the information and make a similar program and then sell it to the market, or he can use the vulnerability to directly destroy the program of the developer.As with Google, analysts said that â€Å"China is likely using its maturing computer network exploitation capability to support intelligence collection against the U. S. government and industry by conducting a long term, sophisticated computer network exploitation campaign. † At least 10 to 20 terabytes of data had been taken from Google and other companies. Days after the attack, the exploit had been opened to the public, which are now dangerous to the internet communi ty. Paul Ducklin, Head of Technology (Asia Pacific) from Sophos Lab(developer and vendor of security software and hardware), explained how the exploit on Google was done.The Aurora explot relies on a used-after free bug. The exploit uses java script to control over the browser as it crashes. The exploit has all the usual javascript tricks: heap spray (technique used to facilitate arbitary code execution) and nop sleds (No Operation Execution, meaning to â€Å"slide† the instruction on its final destination) . At the end of the nop sled is the shellcode, (the actual malicious binary code that the hacker wants to execute) and a coming bid which uses javascript events that tricks the browser into misusing memory in the first place.He went to a test server wherein he edited the shellcode, that contains debug breakpoints and he added some human readable text â€Å"WARHEAD† so that if the computer crashed he can visually confirm that it was into the computer’s shellco de. He tried it in IE 6, wherein he put it in the debug controller and only attaching debug to it (the reason for doing so is of course because of the debug breakpoints, so if the exploit actually works, he can track back into the debugger). Then he clicked on Internet Explorer and visited the malicious site.The exploit actually relies on fetching image files. It worked when he tried to see the address on the debugger, â€Å"WARHEAD† came out. Usually, a good anti-virus program can protect internet users from these kind of exploits. In order to fix the IE flaw, Microsoft stepped out of its normal monthly patch cycle to release a patch. The users of IE are now required to run Windows update and click on MS10-002 update to fix it. Meanwhile, Google announced that it would stop censoring its search results in China.David Drimmond, Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer of Google said â€Å"Users visiting Google. cn are now being redirected to Googl e. com. hk, where we are offering uncensored search in simplified Chinese, specifically designed for users in mainland China and delivered via our servers in Hong Kong. † Censorship in China had been a rule to maintain the country’s communism. Censhorship prevents unapproved reformist, separatist, â€Å"counter-revolutionary† ideas from organizing themselves and spreading.It also prevents Chinese citizens from discovering or learning more about past and current failures of the Communist Party that could create or inflame anti-government sentiment. They had also intended on blocking foreign government websites to prevent the people from learning alternative systems of governance . What Google did was a risky step because China may stop doing business with Google altogether. And China, is one of the most sought-after market in the world today.Analysts expects China's search market to reach 10 billion yuan ($1.46 billion) this year. However, in 5 to 10 years, what G oogle did may prove to be advantageous for them. Ben Sargent, an analyst with Common Sense Advisory, a market research company said that â€Å"As a culture, China is much more long-term thinking than most other cultures. No other government takes such long-term views as the Chinese government,† Sargent said. â€Å"So Google is trying to out-Chinese the Chinese in terms of making a really long-term play for young people's hearts and minds in China. â€Å"Google had always been concerned on its position in China, but the country is too big of a market to ignore. As what Rohozinski have said, â€Å"Engagement is better than exclusion. † You can do a lot more for the people if you work from the inside than just standing around and watching. Google went in with their eyes wide open. Sergey Brin(founder of Google), who had been from the Soviet Union understood China on its political views. The cyber spying just gave them the opportunity to make their stand and make the wor ld praise them for it.

Defy Gender Roles

Christina G. Tarango Professor John ENGL 2342 April 21, 2013 Conform or Defy Gender roles in the society of the human race have always been that the women bare the children and take care of the home while the man is out working and bringing home the money to support his family. In certain societies this is still true and women do not have a say in what they do. The role and identity of women in certain societies has been shaped and it is up to the woman under this conformity to conform or defy.The roles of women through the eyes of Marjane Satrapi as a young girl were quite â€Å"normal† for her. As a young girl she did not realize how different of a life style she was living from other young girls her age living in Iran. For example when she was six she says, â€Å"I wanted to be a Prophet because our maid did not eat with us. † Later on in the story she reveals that their maid named Mehri was eight years old when she had to leave her parents’ home to come to wo rk for Marjane and her family.As a teenager, Mehri begins falling in love with the neighbors’ son. When Marjane’s family finds this out her father goes over to the boys home and tells him, â€Å"I know that Mehri pretends she is my daughter. In reality she is my maid. † Marjane does not understand why this cannot be. Her father says, â€Å"You must understand that their love was impossible, because in this country you must stay within your own social class. † Marjane begins to understand the whole concept of the Revolution and wants to demonstrate against it.Women in the novel conform to and also defy the expectations that are placed on them by going out and demonstrating during the Revolution but also confirm by wearing the veil. Over a broadcast a man declares, â€Å"Women’s hair emanates rays that excite men. That’s why women should cover their hair! If in fact it is really more civilized to go without the veil, then animals are more civ ilized than we are. † Marjane says, â€Å"In no time the way people dressed became an ideological sign. † Marjane says, â€Å"There were two different kinds of women, the fundamentalist woman and the modern woman. The fundamentalist woman covered her entire body with a black veil and only showed her face. The modern woman to show their opposition to the regime would still wear the veil but let a few strands of hair show and they would not cover their entire body either. They would wear pants, boots, and long coats. This was done in order to protect the women from all the potential rapists, it was decreed that wearing the veil was obligatory. As a teenager she was stopped by the â€Å"Guardians of the Revolution. † These women were in place to arrest women who were improperly veiled.At the committee, they did not have to inform parents and they could detain girls for hours or even days. They could be whipped and in short anything could happen. This was quite trau matizing for Marjane however she did not tell her parents. Overall, the effects of these societal expectations on the psyche and development of Marjane as a child were very influenced by the revolution. Her parents tried their best to protect her from what was going on in their country. They tried to still give her all the liberties of that the Western children had.They did not want to take away from her childhood and wanted her to have the absolute best. They wanted her to have the best education and normal social life possible and free of terrorism. At the age of fourteen she was sent away to Austria where she would finish school and be a lot safer. WORKS CITED Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis. United States: Pantheon Books, 2003. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. â€Å"Persepolis. † The Story of a Childhood. 2003: 6. Medium. Satrapi, Marjane. â€Å"Persepolis. † The Story of a Childhood. 2003: 36-37 . Medium. Satrapi, Marjane. â€Å"Persepolis. † The Story of a Childhood. 2003: 74-75. Medium.

Alcohol Abuse Rehabilitation

Sojourners Recovery and Becket Springs offer options such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and pharmacological options that do increase the likelihood of remaining abstinent after treatment. Alternative methods of treatment at these centers, such as acupuncture, have not been proven to be effective at promoting abstinence, but may help to ease withdrawal symptoms. In addition to enrolling in a rehabilitation program at a licensed facility, the individual should seek out support from his or her family members, as this will help the individual cope with the enormous stress of giving up alcohol.Alcohol has a long and storied history in not Just American culture, but in many other world cultures as well. Its use in beverages is believed to have begun almost 10,000 years ago when civilizations in ancient Persia and the Middle East produced a fermented drink from honey and wild yeasts (â€Å"An Alcohol History Timeline,† 2011). Wine, beer and liquor would eventually follow (in that o rder), as numerous societies enjoyed the intoxicating effects of the drug.During the 19th century in the United States, the average American drank 7 gallons of pure alcohol per year (â€Å"What in America's History,† 2005). This rampant drinking led to temperance movements and reformers that pushed for local and national prohibition. Groups such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WEST) would eventually merge with the Anti- Saloon League and form a powerful coalition that elected officials to Congress and put pressure on the government to ratify Prohibition (â€Å"What in America's History,† 2005).The National Prohibition Act was subsequently enacted in 1920, outlawing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. The Act was repealed 13 years later in 1933, but the message was clear: the effects of alcohol were seen by many as ungenerous and destructive, and these effects needed to be addressed. Today, the problems of alcohol abuse and alcoholism have be come almost epidemic in American society, as recent studies have asserted that 53% of adults in the U. S. Have reported that one or more of their close relatives has a serious problem with drinking (â€Å"Alcohol Stats,† 2013).Each year in the United States alone, nearly 50,000 cases of alcohol overdose are reported, and in 2009, over 30 million people stated they had driven under the influence of alcohol at least once in the previous year (â€Å"Alcohol Stats,† 2013). In 2007, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported over 14,000 alcoholic liver disease deaths and over 23,000 alcohol-induced deaths (not counting accidents and murders) (â€Å"Alcohol Stats,† 2013). The CDC also reported that in 2006, excessive alcohol consumption cost the United States' economy $223. Billion (â€Å"Excessive Drinking,† 2014). In an effort to combat the dangers of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, numerous in- patient and out-patient treatment centers are av ailable to those that are seeking help for their affliction. This paper takes a look at four of these treatment options in the rater Cincinnati area. These options include Alcoholics Anonymous, Sojourner Recovery Services in Hamilton, OH, Delbert House in Cincinnati, OH, and Becket Springs in West Chester, OH.The model of treatment that each facility or program employs will be examined, as well as success rates and recidivism. Additionally, this report will look at the efficacy of various models of alcohol treatment and how successful they are for the patient. Ultimately, it will lend advice as to the optimal treatment strategy one should choose when trying to overcome one's addiction to alcohol. Treatment Review One of the most common and well-known methods of alcohol treatment in the United States is the group-oriented, outpatient design of Alcoholics Anonymous (AAA).At its core, AAA is a 12-step program that utilizes anonymous group meetings to help facilitate the overarching goa l of abstinence for each of its members (â€Å"Alcoholics Anonymous 12 Steps,† 2010). The 12 steps are divided into four phases: admitting one has an addiction and needs to abstain; submission of the alcoholic's will to â€Å"the power of God or a Higher Authority'; making amends to those the individual has armed or wronged in the past; and spreading the message of AAA and its 12 steps to others (â€Å"Alcoholics Anonymous 12 Steps,† 2010).By â€Å"working the steps† and attending the meetings, the individual is purportedly given a plan and support group to help him or her resist the urge to drink alcohol. According to Lee Ann Gaskets, Drop, of University of California-Berkeley, there is controversy on the research into the capability of AAA. Therefore, she provides â€Å"a focused review of the literature on AAA effectiveness† (Gaskets, 2009). Using six criteria to establish a causal link between AAA ND abstinence, Swastikas states that there is some ev idence that AAA is an effective course of treatment for someone seeking to quit drinking.She writes, â€Å"rates of abstinence are about twice as high among those who attend AAA, and higher levels of attendance are related to higher rates of abstinence† (Swastikas, 2009). Still, she ultimately concedes that more exhaustive research needs to be completed before judging the effectiveness of AAA. In a separate article entitled â€Å"Exposing the Myth of Alcoholics Anonymous,† freelance technical writer and attendee of â€Å"hundreds of AAA tenting,† Stephen Mohr rejects the notion that AAA is an effective mode of treatment for alcoholics.He writes, â€Å"The truth is that the available evidence strongly suggests that AAA treatment provides very little or no long-term help for active alcoholics. Further, there is ample evidence that long-term repeated exposure to this program is actually dangerous to many alcoholics who would fare better if left on their own† (Mohr, 2009). Mohr cites Ass own statistics when establishing the ineffectiveness of AAA, writing, â€Å"in 1989 AAA reported that, on average, after six months 3 percent of new attendees had left the program and that after one year only 5 to 7 percent remained† (Mohr, 2009).Perhaps more damning, Mohr recounts the findings of Harvard psychiatrist Dry. George Valiant. Beginning in 1983 and then every year for eight years afterward, Dry. Valiant followed up on 100 alcoholic subjects admitted to a clinic in Cambridge, MA, and who were subsequently enrolled in Alcoholics Anonymous. He found that only five of the 100 subjects never relapsed back into alcoholic drinking, which was a rate no better than if they had been left to attempt abstinence on their own (Mohr, 2009).Worse yet, he found that three subjects a year died from their drinking habits, despite being enrolled in the 12-step program (Mohr, 2009). And while these findings were from the asses, the fact that AAA has not c hanged its approach and/or treatment methods in the 80+ years of its existence indicates that they are still pertinent to today. Moreover, these data suggest that AAA is not only ineffective, but the fact that it is so widely regarded as the premier source of alcohol treatment prevents patients from pursuing more useful modes of treatment – ones that could potentially save the alcoholic's life.The Becket Springs rehabilitation facility in West Chester, OH, is one of the alternatives to AAA that an individual suffering from alcoholism may consider. Becket Springs offers both in- patient and outpatient services to help meet the needs of the patient. The in-patient program's goal is â€Å"to teach [the individual] the tools of recovery and relapse prevention so that [he or she] can create a life worth living† (Patient Handbook, 2). When the patient is first admitted, he or she is assessed to develop an individual treatment plan. The assessment team and the patient will fo rmulate a set of goals to Ochs on during treatment.The assessment team itself is comprised of a psychiatrist, psychologist, staff nurse, patient care assistant, recreational therapist and social therapist all working together to facilitate the recovery of the patient. Individual treatment includes detoxification (if necessary), medical prescriptions written by a psychiatrist, psychological evaluations with the psychologist, group therapy through â€Å"games, crafts, leisure education, creative expression and relaxation training,† and individual and family therapy provided by a licensed therapist or social worker (Patient Handbook, 2).Becket Springs encourages communication between the patient and family throughout treatment, and designates a daily time period for phone calls in addition to a visitation schedule that allows two hour-long visits per week and a family meal during the weekend. Along these same lines, Sojourner Recovery Services, located in Hamilton, OH, is a non- profit organization that provides in-patient and outpatient substance abuse treatment for those addicted and their families.Sojourners assessment service is a thorough evaluation conducted during a face-to-face session in order to determine the extent of addiction and optimal recovery strategy. The staff at Sojourner takes a holistic approach toward treatment, and offers a diverse array of programs, including: one-on-one counseling, lectures, group therapy, family sessions and discussion groups. The aforementioned staff consists of â€Å"experienced counselors, professionals and volunteers – many of whom are recovering from addiction themselves – that genuinely care about each and every person's success† (â€Å"Sojourner Recovery,† 2012).Therapy models of recovery include: motivational enhancement to encourage the patient to become receptive to the healing process; â€Å"seeking safety' to improve coping skills; â€Å"seven challenges† for adolesc ents seeking recovery; â€Å"stages of change† which helps patients progress through the five stages of recovery; cognitive-behavioral, which utilizes the belief that one's thoughts cause one's feelings and behaviors, rather than external people or factors; and acupuncture to help alleviate symptoms and stresses associated with alcohol or drug withdrawal (â€Å"Sojourner Recovery,† 2012).The duration of stay for the in-patient program varies according to the needs of the patient, giving the person as much or as little time as he or she needs. The Delbert House in Cincinnati, OH has a few different branches across the city. The Delbert House located in Clifton, OH, is a non-profit organization focused on intensive inpatient treatment of homeless men dealing with substance abuse – namely, alcohol abuse.According to general manager Chris Weanling, this branch of the Delbert House is a â€Å"shelter-plus-care† operation, which attempts to rid patients of thei r addictions while helping to reintegrate the individuals as functioning units of society (C. Weanling, personal communication, July 21, 2014). They are encouraged to actively seek out employment and permanent residency. The Delbert House models of treatment include self-help classes, group concussions, one-on-one counseling, AAA meetings, and AN meetings (C. Weanling, personal communication, July 21, 2014).A typical day in the life of a patient starts with a 7:30 a. M. Wake-up call followed with breakfast at 8 a. M. The rest of the morning consists of life-skills classes and chemical dependency education courses. At noon, the patients have lunch, and then attend their various therapy sessions (group and/or individual) in the afternoon. Dinner is served at 5:00 p. M. , and then the patients have some free time before they are required to attend an AAA or AN meeting (C. Weanling, personal communication, July 21, 2014).The Delbert House does not allow patients to use alcohol or any il licit drugs while they are enrolled, and thus each patient is subjected to a random, periodic urinalysis and/or breath-analysis test. In any given month, five or six patients out of 60 will test positive, with the incidences of positive tests fluctuating from season to season and spiking around a holiday(C. Weanling, personal communication, July 21, 2014). The operation is largely state- funded, with tax dollars making it possible for the Delbert House to help the lives of the men it houses (C. Weanling, personal communication, July 21, 2014).Given all the models of alcohol treatment (AAA, group therapy, cognitive behavioral, motivational enhancement, acupuncture, etc. ), Just how effective are they at promoting abstinence within the alcohol abuser? As discussed above, the effectiveness of AAA seems dubious at best, and downright dangerous at worst. This is very unfortunate considering the fact that almost all court-appointed rehabilitation for alcohol offenders in Hamilton County i nvolves AAA or an equivalent 12-step program (â€Å"Treatment Options,† 2009). On the other hand, research on continuous outpatient group therapy seems to indicate its effectiveness.In J. Kim, et al. ‘s article, â€Å"The Effectiveness of Continuous Group Therapy for Outpatients with Alcohol Dependence,† he states that 3, 6 and 12 month abstinence rates of 94 cognitive group therapy subjects â€Å"were 56. 4%, 30. 6%, and 16. 9%,† respectively (Kim et al. , 2011). The same abstinence rates for 83 subjects in a standard outpatient therapy group â€Å"were 28. 6%, 11 . 7% and 5. 2%,† respectively (Kim et al. , 2011). He thus concludes that continuous group therapy for outpatients is a practical and effective means of achieving abstinence.Inpatient group cognitive behavioral therapy (CAB), though, is a little murkier. In their article, â€Å"The Effectiveness of an Inpatient Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Alcohol Dependence,† New s and Owe evaluated the effectiveness of attendance at an in-patient CAB program aimed at treating alcohol abuse. The study included 37 males and 34 females that attended 42 CAB sessions in three weeks, with News and Owe gathering evidence on one and three-month follow- ups regarding the drinking habits of the subjects.The study data indicated that greater attendance at CAB sessions for inpatients did not result in greater abstinence rates, nor did it correlate with a reduction in the quantity of alcohol consumed from he levels of pre-treatment (News & Owe, 2005). Thus, while patients that attended CAB sessions did seem to stand an improved chance of abstinence, News and Owe concluded â€Å"this study was unable to provide full support for the effectiveness of group CAB and cognitive models on problem drinking† (News and Owe, 2005).Another strategy for alcohol recovery is that of acupuncture. Acupuncture is a form of complementary and alternative medicine that uses the penetr ation of thin needles into specific â€Å"occupants† along the skin of the body (â€Å"Acupuncture† 2014). Choc and Hang reviewed the efficacy of this approach in their article, â€Å"Acupuncture for Alcohol Dependence: A Systematic Review. † After systematically searching nineteen electronic databases for randomized controlled trials, they found eleven studies that involved 1,110 cases.Though they conclude the results were â€Å"equivocal† and that â€Å"more research and well-designed, rigorous and large clinical trials are necessary,† the data they did discover suggest that there is no difference between acupuncture treatment and â€Å"sham treatments† (Choc and Hang, 2009). In a separate study by Karts, Passive, Frederica, Wises and Schneider, thirty-four alcoholics were treated tit acupuncture to assess its effect on withdrawal symptoms.The study was able to conclude that â€Å"acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment to carbonized medic ation shows promise for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms† (Karts, Passive, Frederica, Wises, & Schneider, 2002). Thus, while acupuncture may not be helpful for an individual hoping to obtain abstinence, it does look to be promising in helping to relieve some of the anguish of going through withdrawal. In addition to models of therapy, most treatment centers also offer medications to help the patient on their road to recovery. Daniel E.Jonas, M. D. , M. P. H. , of University of North Carolina, et al. , completed a recent study that analyzed more than 120 different studies as to the effectiveness of various pharmacological pills on the alcoholic, and found that comparative and oral maltreatment showed the greatest potential for decreasing alcohol ingestion Moons et al. , 2014). Dissimilar, an oral medication available since the asses, did not show adequate evidence to support the notion that it can prevent relapse drinking or improve drinking level outcomes Moons et al. 2014). The article goes on to state that the four most effective medications are commemorates, maltreatment, depreciate and maleness, but cautions that patients should share in the decision-making process with the physician, and medication should be taken in conjunction with other modalities of treatment Moons et al. , 2014). Conclusion Judging by national recovery data, it can require a nearly Herculean effort for an alcoholic to successfully abstain from alcohol for a long period of time (years).The national average for alcoholics that try to remain abstinent for one year without outside help is around 5% (â€Å"Alcohol Stats,† 2013). Even Alcoholics Anonymous, by its own admission, has a 93% turnover rate in one year. With this in mind, it's important for anybody that is trying to quit to not try to do so alone. The individual should attempt to enroll in either an inpatient or outpatient program at a local recovery facility. In the Cincinnati area, this could include S ojourner Recovery Services in Hamilton, OH, or Becket Springs in West Chester, OH.Both offer a variety of programs to foster an intrinsic change within the individual, and employs a multitude of treatment models and pharmacological aids that can be blended together for an optimal individual recovery plan. Perhaps most importantly, the person that is trying o recover should actively seek the help from his or her immediate family, if possible. Abstinence from alcohol is very difficult to achieve for an alcoholic, and a strong support system from people close to the affected individual will go a long way to facilitating a successful and long-lasting recovery.